02 January 2020

Pre Pope John Paul II Bishops (updated)

So the question: How many active bishops were appointed to their current post before Pope John Paul II became Pope?

The answer is that only 2 remain.

The ordinaries are:
There are no longer any Auxiliary Bishops that meet the criteria. The last one retired in January 2012.

All of them were named by Pope Paul VI.

You'll notice that many of them are at or near the retirement age. Before they do retire, let us take a moment to thank them for their many years of service!

08 December 2019

Cardinal Stats and Charts, 2019

This posts assumes that there are no deaths among the current Cardinals.

As of today (8 Dec 2019, there are be 224 Living Cardinals with 124 eligible to vote in a conclave when that should become necessary.

The average age of the Cardinals is 78.5 and the average of the electors is 71.8 years old.

The average length of service as a Cardinal is 11.3 years, 7.3 years if only considering electors.

The youngest Cardinal is Dieudonné Nzapalainga, C.S.Sp. (Archbishop of Bangui) who is 52.

The oldest Cardinal is Albert Vanhoye, S.J. (Secretary Emeritus of the Pontifical Biblical Commission) who is 96.

I've posted an updated version of the Cardinal Charts (warning: PDF format).

The charts are:
  • Number of Cardinals (1585-2029; 1915-2029; and 1965-2029)
  • Average Age (1585-2029; 1915-2029; and 1965-2029)

Cardinals Turning 80

WhenCardinal Electors
Now124
End of 2020120
End of 2021114
End of 2022103
(the table assumes no deaths nor new Cardinal Electors)




Cardinal-Electors as Percent of the College

With the introduction of the age limit for Cardinals to vote in a conclave, the percent of Cardinals eligible to vote had been trending downward. However, it has rebounded a bit in the last few years with the deaths of a number of the elderly Cardinals and a significant number of new creations.

Today, 55.4% are Electors. At the lowest point, it was 51.7% (before the November 2016 Consistory).

Assuming no Cardinal deaths and no new creations, on 8 Apr 2022, Cardinal-Electors will be 50% (112 of 224). Six days later it will fall below 50% for the first time ever (111 of 224).

Given that deaths of non-Electors are more likely, the dates will likely be later than those given above.

28 March 2019

Religious Orders in Recent Times (top dozen, charts, 2019)

I've updated a few charts that look at the number of priests and members of religious orders over the last several decades. To avoid it looking like spaghetti, I only used the top dozen orders based on number of priests*. I also split the top 4 from the other 8 - there is very little overlap between the two and it makes the charts much clearer.

The charts are posted here. (.pdf format)

The Jesuits were the first order (of the top dozen) to have lost more than half of their members from their recent high point (from 36,038 in 1966 to 17,908 in 2011). They are currently at 15,842 members, down 56% from the all time high.

One might note that there is no significant change since Pope Francis (a Jesuit) became Pope. In fairness, it normally takes several years for any event in a religious order (or diocese) to show in the vocation numbers.

Two more orders reached that milestone in 2016: Franciscans (now down 51%) and Oblates of Mary Immaculate (now down 51%).

Two more orders are very close to reaching that point: Redemptorists (down 47%) and Vincentians/Lazarists (down 41%). Both showed a small drop in the last year.

In terms of priests, only one order has reached that point, the Benedictines which are down 52% from their recent high point (from 7,058 in the early 1970s to 3,414 in 2018).

Three other orders are in danger of reaching that point: the Oblates of Mary Immaculate (down 47%), Jesuits (down 46%), and the Franciscans (down 45%).

In the top dozen, only one order, Divine Word Missionaries, has hit its high mark in terms of members in recent years (6,131 in 2009).

In terms of priests, two orders hit their highest mark in 2016: Divine Word Missionaries with 4,231 and Discalced Carmelites with 2,937.

Overall, adding all of the top 12 together, the all time high was in 1966 with 160,926 total members. In 2018, that had dropped 42% to 93,596. In terms of priests, the high was in 1971 with 95,411 total priests. In 2018, that had dropped 32% to 64,821.

If current trends continue, in about 10 years, the Jesuits will lose the title of largest religious order to the Salesians of Saint John Bosco. First by the number of members and within a few years by number of priests as well.

(* Out of curiosity I checked the top dozen orders based on number of members - it was the same dozen, but in a slightly different order.)

Note that only Male Religious Orders were included because that happens to be the data I have readily available. As time permits, I'll try to do similar charts for Female Religious Orders.

03 March 2019

Next Consistory to Create Cardinals (predictions)

Currently there are 123 Cardinal Electors out of a total of 223 living Cardinals.

Nine Cardinal Electors will turn 80 (and thus lose their right to vote) by mid-October, bringing the Elector count down to 114.

The last two were held in late June, but at that point this year, the count will be at 120 Electors - making it a less likely time frame.

So I think that just before Christ the King Solemnity (24 November 2019) will be the next Consistory to Create Cardinals.

After that, it is a bit more tricky. Only 4 Cardinals turn 80 in 2020. In 2021, another 6 reach that age. So I think there will be another Consistory to Create new Cardinals just before Christ the King Solemnity 2021.

Finally, in 2022, 11 more Cardinals reach the age limit, although the majority are in the second half of the year. So yet another late year consistory is possible in 2022.

2023 is similar, with 11 Cardinals scheduled to reach the age limit.

02 September 2018

Religious Orders in Recent Times (top dozen, charts, 2018)

I've updated a few charts that look at the number of priests and members of religious orders over the last several decades. To avoid it looking like spaghetti, I only used the top dozen orders based on number of priests*. I also split the top 4 from the other 8 - there is very little overlap between the two and it makes the charts much clearer.

The charts are posted here. (.pdf format)

The Jesuits were the first order (of the top dozen) to have lost more than half of their members from their recent high point (from 36,038 in 1966 to 17,908 in 2011). They are currently at 16,088 members, down 55% from the all time high.

One might note that there is no significant change since Pope Francis (a Jesuit) became Pope. In fairness, it normally takes several years for any event in a religious order (or diocese) to show in the vocation numbers.

Two more orders reached that milestone in 2016: Franciscans (now down 51%) and Oblates of Mary Immaculate (now down 50%).

Two more orders are very close to reaching that point: Redemptorists (down 47%) and Vincentians/Lazarists (down 41%). The first showed a small drop in the last year and the second an increase.

In terms of priests, only one order has reached that point, the Benedictines which are down 51% from their recent high point (from 7,058 in the early 1970s to 3,445 in 2017).

Three other orders are in danger of reaching that point: the Oblates of Mary Immaculate (down 46%), Franciscans (down 45%), and the Jesuits (down 45%).

In the top dozen, only one order, Divine Word Missionaries, has hit its high mark in terms of members in recent years (6,131 in 2009).

In terms of priests, two orders hit their highest mark in 2016: Divine Word Missionaries with 4,231 and Discalced Carmelites with 2,937.

Overall, adding all of the top 12 together, the all time high was in 1966 with 160,926 total members. In 2017, that had dropped 42% to 94,202. In terms of priests, the high was in 1971 with 95,411 total priests. In 2017, that had dropped 32% to 65,358.

(* Out of curiosity I checked the top dozen orders based on number of members - it was the same dozen, but in a slightly different order.)

Note that only Male Religious Orders were included because that happens to be the data I have readily available. As time permits, I'll try to do similar charts for Female Religious Orders.

21 August 2018

Now featuring over 40,000 Bishops

Once again, I've been working on some older data entry for the site. In doing so, it has passed a milestone: it now has data on over 40,000 Bishops.

Here is a quick table showing how the data has expanded over time:

YearMonthBishopsMonths from previous
2002Jun5,000
2002Nov10,0005
2003Oct15,00011
2006Sep20,00035
2009Jan25,00028
2011Feb30,00025
2014Jan35,00035
2018Aug40,00055

(Note: there are a few "bishops" on the site that are not really bishops. These are mostly either ordinaries of a jurisdiction such as a prefecture or cardinals that were not also bishops.)

25 July 2018

Cardinal Electors and Modern Limits

First a bit of background information before we get to the periods were there was more than 120 Cardinal Electors.

The age limit on electors became effective on 1 Jan 1971 (Ingravescentem Aetatem). The limit of 120 electors was added on 1 Oct 1975 (Romano Pontifici Eligendo). The current rule (cardinals age 80 or less on the day the Holy See becomes vacant may vote) was added on 22 Feb 1996 (Universi Dominici Gregis).

Before the 1996 language, it is not possible to precisely say the number of cardinal electors (it was based on when the conclave began), so I'll disregard the 2 times before then when the number could have been 121 for short periods.

Since then, there have been 10 times when the 120 number was exceeded.

Start End Highest Days PopeNote
21-Feb-2001 1-Aug-2002 136 526 JP2
21-Oct-2003 12-Dec-2004 134 418 JP21
21-Oct-2003 10-Jan-2005 135 447 JP22
24-Mar-2006 25-Mar-2006 121 1 B16
20-Nov-2010 27-Jan-2011 121 68 B16
18-Feb-2012 27-Jul-2012 125 160 B16
22-Feb-2014 12-Mar-2014 122 18 F
14-Feb-2015 20-Apr-2015 125 65 F
19-Nov-2016 29-Nov-2016 121 10 F
28-Jun-2017 6-Sep-2017 121 70 F
28-Jun-2018 28-Apr-2019 125 304 F3

There are two entries beginning in 2003 due to Cardinal Gulbinowicz. At the time it was thought that his birth year was 1928 (age out in 2008), but in reality it was 1923 (age out in 2003 just before the consistory). The correct birth year was not acknowledged until February 2005.
1) in reality
2) as perceived at the time
3) the final period is an estimate that assumes no cardinal elector dies and no new ones are created before the end date.

For completeness, here are the other times when the 120 limit was exceeded with some notes.

Start End Highest Days Pope Note
28-Apr-1968 1-Jan-1971 134 978 P6 1
30-Jun-1979 1-Jul-1979 121 1 JP2 2
28-Jun-1988 27-Jul-1988 121 29 JP2 2

1) This was before the age limit and the 120 cardinal elector limit existed.
2) The count and Days are based on the current language. At the time the age limit was more vague and a precise count of electors is not possible.

(Revised on 27 Aug 2018 to add info about Cardinal Gulbinowicz)