09 July 2023

Some Notes on the New Cardinal-Designates

One of the new Cardinal-Designates (full list here) will become the 4th oldest living Cardinal: Father Luis Pascual Dri, O.F.M. Cap. (Age 96.4).

Five of the new Cardinal-Designates will be on the list of the youngest dozen after the consistory:
(all ages are their ages at the time of the announcement)

Of the 21, nine have an accent in their name.

Two are current Apostolic Nuncios, although given their ages, they are likely to retire this year.

27 May 2023

Vatican II Council Fathers (now updated!)

The original list of Vatican II Council Fathers on my website was based on the book "I padri presenti al Concilio ecumenico vaticano II" (Città del Vaticano: Tip. poliglotta vaticana, 1966). 

The updated list is based on the book "Acta synodalia Sacrosancti Concilii Oecumenici Vaticani II: Indices" (Rome: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1980). 

The updated list is now live on the website:

There are 5 new Council Fathers added to the list: 2 Council Fathers were present at one additional session each: The biggest benefit of the new source is it (in theory) corrected based on later information. (The original source has a series of summary tables at the end, unfortunately the numbers in those tables do not match the data in the main body of the book.) 

The new source, however, does have a number of flaws. These are ones that I noted: The new totals for each sessions are:
SessionOld CountNew CountDifference
12,4482,4480
22,4882,4880
32,4682,471+3
42,6252,629+4
All3,0583,063+5

I should also note there are still a number of Council Fathers for whom I have very little information (mostly the heads of religious orders). Any help would be greatly appreciated - as well as any other lists of Council Fathers for further verification.

The number of living Council Fathers (6) has not changed since this post, last updated in July 2022.

18 March 2023

Religious Orders in Recent Times (top dozen, charts, 2023)

I've updated a few charts that look at the number of priests and members of religious orders over the last several decades. To avoid it looking like spaghetti, I only used the top dozen orders based on number of priests*. I also split the top 4 from the other 8 - there is very little overlap between the two sets and it makes the charts much clearer.

The charts are posted here. (.pdf format)

The Jesuits were the first order (of the top dozen) to have lost more than half of their members from their recent high point (from 36,038 in 1966 to 17,908 in 2011). They are currently at 14,439 members, down 60% from the all time high.

One might note that there is no significant change (positive or negative) since Pope Francis (a Jesuit) became Pope. In fairness, it normally takes several years for any event in a religious order (or diocese) to have an impact on the vocation numbers. In the case of the Jesuits, they also have a much longer formation process than most.

Two more orders reached that milestone in 2016: Franciscans (now down 54%) and Oblates of Mary Immaculate (now down 53%).

Two more orders reached that point in 2022: Redemptorists (down 50%) and Vincentians/Lazarists (down 51%).

In terms of priests, only three orders have reached that point, the Benedictines which are down 54% from their recent high point (from 7,058 in the early 1970s to 3,420 in 2019) and the Oblates of Mary Immaculate which reached it in 2021 (from 5,441 in 1967 to 2,643) down 54% now). This past year the Jesuits are now down 50% (from 21,025 in 1969 to 10,432)

One other order are in danger of reaching that point: the Franciscans (down just under 50%).

In the top dozen, only one order, Divine Word Missionaries, has hit its high mark in terms of members in recent years (6,131 in 2009).

In terms of priests, two orders hit their highest mark in 2016: Divine Word Missionaries with 4,231 and Discalced Carmelites with 2,937.

The Divine Word Missionaries had the best year of the top 12, increasing their number of members by 12.

Overall, adding all of the top 12 together, the all time high was in 1966 with 160,926 total members. In 2022, that had dropped 45% to 88,407. In terms of priests, the high was in 1971 with 95,411 total priests. In 2022, that had dropped 36% to 60,941.

If current trends continue, the Jesuits will lose the title of largest religious order to the Salesians of Saint John Bosco. First by the number of members (2 years) and later by number of priests (10 years).

(* Out of curiosity I checked the top dozen orders based on number of members - it was the same dozen, but in a slightly different order.)

Note that only Male Religious Orders were included because that happens to be the data I have readily available. As time permits, I hope to do similar charts for Female Religious Orders. A few have already been added to the main website.

27 August 2022

Cardinal Stats and Charts, Summer 2022

This posts assumes that there are no deaths among the current Cardinals.

As of today (27 Aug 2022, there are be 226 Living Cardinals with 132 eligible to vote in a conclave when that should become necessary.

The average age of the Cardinals is 78.2 and the average of the electors is 72.3 years old.

The average length of service as a Cardinal is 11.2 years, 8.0 years if only considering electors.

The youngest three Cardinals are (all from the group created today):

The oldest Cardinal is Alexandre do Nascimento (Archbishop Emeritus of Luanda, Angola) who is 97.5.

I've posted an updated version of the Cardinal Charts (warning: PDF format).

The charts are:
  • Number of Cardinals (1585-2032; 1915-2032; and 1965-2032)
  • Average Age (1585-2032; 1915-2032; and 1965-2032)

Cardinals Turning 80

WhenCardinal Electors
Now132
End of 2022126
End of 2023115
End of 2024102
End of 202589
End of 202684
(the table assumes no deaths nor new Cardinal Electors)




Cardinal-Electors as Percent of the College

With the introduction of the age limit for Cardinals to vote in a conclave, the percent of Cardinals eligible to vote had been trending downward. However, it has rebounded a bit in the recent times with the deaths of a number of the elderly Cardinals and a significant number of new creations.

Today, 58.4% are Electors. At the lowest point, it was 51.7% (before the November 2016 Consistory).

Assuming no Cardinal deaths and no new creations, on 30 Jan 2024, Cardinal-Electors will be 50% (113 of 226). A fortnight later it will fall below 50% for the first time ever (112 of 226).

Given that deaths of non-Electors are more likely, the dates will likely be later than those given above.


Age Limit and 120 Limit on Voting Cardinals

There is a technical limit of 120 voting Cardinals, but it has frequently been exceeded and by every Pope since it was established.

Currently there are 132 voting Cardinals. Assuming no deaths and no new Cardinals creations, the number will back to 120 voting Cardinals on 18 Sep 2023.

(See this link for more information on this topic)

Cardinal Electors and Modern Limits, updated November 2024

First a bit of background information before we get to the periods were there was more than 120 Cardinal Electors.

The age limit on electors became effective on 1 Jan 1971 (Ingravescentem Aetatem). The limit of 120 electors was added on 1 Oct 1975 (Romano Pontifici Eligendo). The current rule (cardinals age 80 or less on the day the Holy See becomes vacant may vote) was added on 22 Feb 1996 (Universi Dominici Gregis).

Before the 1996 language, it is not possible to precisely say the number of cardinal electors (it was based on when the conclave began), so I'll disregard the 2 times before then when the number could have been 121 for short periods. (See the 2nd table)

Since then, there have been 14 times when the 120 number was exceeded.

Start End Highest Days PopeNote
21-Feb-2001 1-Aug-2002 136 526 JP2
21-Oct-2003 12-Dec-2004 134 418 JP21
21-Oct-2003 10-Jan-2005 135 447 JP22
24-Mar-2006 25-Mar-2006 121 1 B16
20-Nov-2010 27-Jan-2011 121 68 B16
18-Feb-2012 27-Jul-2012 125 160 B16
22-Feb-2014 12-Mar-2014 122 18 F
14-Feb-2015 20-Apr-2015 125 65 F
19-Nov-2016 29-Nov-2016 121 10 F
28-Jun-2017 6-Sep-2017 121 70 F
28-Jun-2018 28-Apr-2019 125 304 F
05-Oct-2019 30-Sep-2020 128 361 F
28-Nov-2020 08-Nov-2021 128 345 F
27-Aug-2022 31-Jul-2023 132 338 F
30-Sep-2023 25-Nov-2024 137422F
07-Dec-2024 16-Apr-2026 140495F3

There are two entries beginning in 2003 due to Cardinal Gulbinowicz. At the time it was thought that his birth year was 1928 (age out in 2008), but in reality it was 1923 (age out in 2003 just before the consistory). The correct birth year was not acknowledged until February 2005.

1) in reality
2) as perceived at the time
3) the final period is an estimate that assumes no cardinal elector dies and no new ones beyond what have been announced are created before the end date.

For completeness, here are the other times when the 120 limit was exceeded with some notes.

Start End Highest Days Pope Note
28-Apr-1968 1-Jan-1971 134 978 P6 1
30-Jun-1979 1-Jul-1979 121 1 JP2 2
28-Jun-1988 27-Jul-1988 121 29 JP2 2

1) This was before the age limit and the 120 cardinal elector limit existed.
2) The count and Days are based on the current language. At the time the age limit was more vague and a precise count of electors is not possible.

(Revised on 27 Aug 2018 to add info about Cardinal Gulbinowicz) 
(Updated on 27 Aug 2022 to add three new periods over the limit)
(Updated on 11 Jul 2023 to reflect recent Cardinal deaths and Cardinal-Designates)
(Updated on 7 Oct 2024 to reflect recent Cardinal deaths, Cardinal-Designates, and clarified Cardinal birthdates)
(Updated on 26 Nov 2024 to reflect a recent Cardinal death)

10 May 2022

Happy Anniversary!

The earliest start to the main website was early in 1997. I don't have an exact date or even copies of the earliest beginnings. At the time, it was 3 manually created pages - covering only the US.

About 5 years later, on 10 May 2002, the Feast of St. Damien de Veuster, the new domain (Catholic-Hierarchy.org) went live. Statistics are only available from that point. (The site while much smaller, was substantially the same database driven site as today.)

There are a few points in time when the stats went down for a period of time (server overloads, etc.) - no attempt has been made to correct for those. In addition, since May 2020, Cloudflare has been used to help with serving the site's content and any pages served by them are not counted.

By the time the new domain went live, the site covered just the Americas. But that was corrected a few months later when the rest of the world was complete enough to merge into the main site.

China continues to be a unique situation. While all known bishops are listed, much of the information is limited. Also the names/boundaries of jurisdictions has not been resolved (at least in public). I hope that will be resolved soon.

So, in 20 years, folks have made more than 47.5 million visits to the site, viewing over 340 million pages. For the geeks: that's 753 million hits and 4.0 terabytes of data served.

Unique visitors are always a tricky metric, but currently its over 140k a month. In the last month, there have been visitors from almost every country in the world (Google Analytics says 220).


Thank you all for the support and help along the way. I look forward to many more years!

18 April 2022

Religious Orders in Recent Times (top dozen, charts, 2022)

I've updated a few charts that look at the number of priests and members of religious orders over the last several decades. To avoid it looking like spaghetti, I only used the top dozen orders based on number of priests*. I also split the top 4 from the other 8 - there is very little overlap between the two sets and it makes the charts much clearer.

The charts are posted here. (.pdf format)

The Jesuits were the first order (of the top dozen) to have lost more than half of their members from their recent high point (from 36,038 in 1966 to 17,908 in 2011). They are currently at 14,839 members, down 59% from the all time high.

One might note that there is no significant change (positive or negative) since Pope Francis (a Jesuit) became Pope. In fairness, it normally takes several years for any event in a religious order (or diocese) to have an impact on the vocation numbers. In the case of the Jesuits, they also have a much longer process than most.

Two more orders reached that milestone in 2016: Franciscans (now down 54%) and Oblates of Mary Immaculate (now down 53%).

Two more orders are very close to reaching that point: Redemptorists (down 49%) and Vincentians/Lazarists (down just under 50%). Both showed a small drop in the last year.

In terms of priests, only two orders have reached that point, the Benedictines which are down 53% from their recent high point (from 7,058 in the early 1970s to 3,420 in 2019) and the Oblates of Mary Immaculate which reached it in 2021 (from 5,441 in 1967 to 2,643 now) down 51%).

Two other orders are in danger of reaching that point: Jesuits (down 49%) and the Franciscans (down 49%).

In the top dozen, only one order, Divine Word Missionaries, has hit its high mark in terms of members in recent years (6,131 in 2009).

In terms of priests, two orders hit their highest mark in 2016: Divine Word Missionaries with 4,231 and Discalced Carmelites with 2,937.

The Capuchins had the best year of the top 12, increasing their number of members by 6.

Overall, adding all of the top 12 together, the all time high was in 1966 with 160,926 total members. In 2021, that had dropped 44% to 89,835. In terms of priests, the high was in 1971 with 95,411 total priests. In 2021, that had dropped 35% to 61,940.

If current trends continue, the Jesuits will lose the title of largest religious order to the Salesians of Saint John Bosco. First by the number of members (9 years) and later by number of priests (15 years).

(* Out of curiosity I checked the top dozen orders based on number of members - it was the same dozen, but in a slightly different order.)

Note that only Male Religious Orders were included because that happens to be the data I have readily available. As time permits, I hope to do similar charts for Female Religious Orders. A few have already been added to the main website.