When Pope Benedict XVI was elected in 2005 at the age of 78 (and 3 days), he was the 7th oldest person elected to the papacy since 1277.*
Since then, he has lived longer than 3 of those 6. Pope Benedict XVI will turn 85 in early April.
The 3 remaining older Popes are: Popes Clement X (86.0), Clement XII (died at 87.8), and Gregory XII (90).
In addition, there are 4 more that were elected Pope at a younger age, but lived longer. These are: Popes Innocent XII (elected at 76.3; died at 85.5), Pius IX (54.1; 85.7), John XXII (72; 90), and Leo XIII (68.0; 93.4).
Pope John Paul II was elected at a younger age (58.4) and died at age 84.9 - slightly younger than Pope Benedict XVI is now.
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* 1277 has no special significance except that is where my historical data currently cuts off for Popes.
01 March 2012
07 January 2012
When does a Cardinal become ineligible to Vote in a Conclave?
There has been some confusion about when a Cardinal loses the right to vote in a conclave.
It is not, under current law, the day a Cardinal turns 80.
The relevant portion of Universi Dominici Gregis (John Paul II, 22 Feb 1996) is in paragraph 33:
So the key factor is the age of the Cardinal on the day the Holy See becomes vacant. If he turned 80 before that day, he is not eligible to vote. If the Cardinal turns 80 on or after that day, he remains eligible to vote until that Conclave is completed.
I should note that this is a change from the law issued by Pope Paul VI.
Under Ingravescentem Aetatem (Paul VI, 21 Nov 1970) II.2, effective 1 Jan 1971, a Cardinal lost the right to vote upon reaching the age of 80 if the Conclave had not already started.
So the key factor under that old rule was the age of the Cardinal on the day the Conclave began. If he turned 80 on or before that day, he was not eligible to vote. If the Cardinal turned 80 after the Conclave began, he retained the right until that Conclave was complete.
Prior to 1971, there was no age limit. A Cardinal of any age could vote in a Conclave.
Now back to current law and a quick summary.
For the purpose of lists showing Cardinals that would be eligible to vote in a Conclave: a Cardinal should be removed from such a list the day after they turn 80 years old.
The exception is when the Holy See is vacant, then the Cardinal should only be removed from such a list the day the Conclave is completed.
It is not, under current law, the day a Cardinal turns 80.
The relevant portion of Universi Dominici Gregis (John Paul II, 22 Feb 1996) is in paragraph 33:
The right to elect the Roman Pontiff belongs exclusively to the Cardinals of Holy Roman Church, with the exception of those who have reached their eightieth birthday before the day of the Roman Pontiff's death or the day when the Apostolic See becomes vacant.
So the key factor is the age of the Cardinal on the day the Holy See becomes vacant. If he turned 80 before that day, he is not eligible to vote. If the Cardinal turns 80 on or after that day, he remains eligible to vote until that Conclave is completed.
I should note that this is a change from the law issued by Pope Paul VI.
Under Ingravescentem Aetatem (Paul VI, 21 Nov 1970) II.2, effective 1 Jan 1971, a Cardinal lost the right to vote upon reaching the age of 80 if the Conclave had not already started.
So the key factor under that old rule was the age of the Cardinal on the day the Conclave began. If he turned 80 on or before that day, he was not eligible to vote. If the Cardinal turned 80 after the Conclave began, he retained the right until that Conclave was complete.
Prior to 1971, there was no age limit. A Cardinal of any age could vote in a Conclave.
Now back to current law and a quick summary.
For the purpose of lists showing Cardinals that would be eligible to vote in a Conclave: a Cardinal should be removed from such a list the day after they turn 80 years old.
The exception is when the Holy See is vacant, then the Cardinal should only be removed from such a list the day the Conclave is completed.
So why shouldn't a Cardinal be removed the day they turn 80?
If the Pope, God forbid, were to die later that same day, the Cardinal is still eligible to vote in the subsequent Conclave!
06 January 2012
Cardinal Stats and Charts, Updated
This posts assumes that the plans announced today for a Consistory to Create New Cardinals on 28 Feb 2012 are not changed and that there are no deaths.
On 28 Feb 2012, there will be 214 Living Cardinals with 125 eligible to vote in a conclave when that should become necessary.
The average age of the Cardinals on that day will be 77.97 and the average of the electors will be 72.22 years old.
The number of Cardinal Electors will fall back to 120 on 27 July 2012 the day after Cardinal Stafford turns 80.
The youngest Cardinal will be Rainer Maria Cardinal Woelki (Archbishop of Berlin, Germany) who will be 55 years old when he is created .
I've posted an updated version of the Cardinal Charts (warning: PDF format).
The charts are:
This time I'm using DropBox - please let me know if that causes any difficulty.
On 28 Feb 2012, there will be 214 Living Cardinals with 125 eligible to vote in a conclave when that should become necessary.
The average age of the Cardinals on that day will be 77.97 and the average of the electors will be 72.22 years old.
The number of Cardinal Electors will fall back to 120 on 27 July 2012 the day after Cardinal Stafford turns 80.
The youngest Cardinal will be Rainer Maria Cardinal Woelki (Archbishop of Berlin, Germany) who will be 55 years old when he is created .
I've posted an updated version of the Cardinal Charts (warning: PDF format).
The charts are:
- Number of Cardinals (1585-2020; 1915-2020; and 1965-2020)
- Average Age (1585-2020; 1915-2020; and 1965-2020)
This time I'm using DropBox - please let me know if that causes any difficulty.
02 January 2012
Overview of the Overviews, 2012
I have finished the overviews of the Latin-Rite Provinces of the USA. These overviews were written over the last week and are looking over the next year or two, roughly through the end of 2013.
Here is a post providing some notes on my thinking on this process.
Archbishop Viganò was named Apostolic Nuncio to the USA last October and he will celebrate 20 years as a bishop in April. Since he arrived there have only been 2 USA appointments: Bishop Ochoa to Fresno and Fr. Steenson as head of the newly Personal Ordinariate.
Two other factors that may influence the timing of some appointments are the on going Ad Limina visits of USA bishops and the likely Consistory to create new Cardinals.
The organization remains the same as last year: first by USCCB region (two regions per post), and then by province.
Here is a quick list of all the overviews:
Here is a post providing some notes on my thinking on this process.
Archbishop Viganò was named Apostolic Nuncio to the USA last October and he will celebrate 20 years as a bishop in April. Since he arrived there have only been 2 USA appointments: Bishop Ochoa to Fresno and Fr. Steenson as head of the newly Personal Ordinariate.
Two other factors that may influence the timing of some appointments are the on going Ad Limina visits of USA bishops and the likely Consistory to create new Cardinals.
The organization remains the same as last year: first by USCCB region (two regions per post), and then by province.
Here is a quick list of all the overviews:
Overview: I (CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT) & II (NY)
Region I (CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT)
This province is composed of the metropolitan, Boston, plus its six suffragan dioceses: Burlington (VT), Fall River (MA), Manchester (NH), Portland (ME), Springfield (MA), and Worcester (MA).
The ordinaries are: Cardinal O'Malley (67), Bishop Matano (65), Bishop Coleman (72), Bishop Libasci (60), Bishop Malone (65), Bishop McDonnell (74), and Bishop McManus (60), respectively.
Manchester has one auxiliary: Bishop Christian (69). Boston has 5 active auxiliaries: Bishops Dooher (68), Edyvean (73), Hennessey (59), Kennedy (69) and Uglietto (60).
Bishop McDonnell will reach the normal retirement age at the end of the year and is likely to retire and have a replacement named by early next year.
Bishops Malone and McManus are at an age and length of service that they might be considered for other roles.
No other changes seem likely this year.
Hartford is the metropolitan with Bridgeport, Norwich, and Providence as its suffragans.
The ordinaries are: Archbishop Mansell (74), Bishop Lori (60), Bishop Cote (62), and Bishop Tobin (63), respectively.
Both Hartford and Providence have an auxiliary: Bishops Macaluso (66) and Evans (64), respectively.
Archbishop Mansell reaches the normal retirement age in October. He also celebrates 20 years as a bishop in January 2013. He is likely to retire and have his replacement named in the next year or so.
Bishop Tobin will also celebrate 20 years as a bishop (in December) and Bishop Macaluso will celebrate 15 years (in June) this year.
Given the ages and lengths of service of Bishops Macaluso, Lori, Cote, and Tobin all are likely to be considered for other roles, including, perhaps, replacing Archbishop Mansell.
Region II (NY)
The province is composed of New York, the metropolitan, and seven suffragan dioceses: Albany, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Ogdensburg, Rochester, Rockville Center, and Syracuse.
The ordinaries are: Archbishop Dolan (61), Bishop Hubbard (73), Bishop DiMarzio (67), Bishop Kmiec (75), Bishop LaValley (55), Bishop Clark (74), Bishop Murphy (71), and Bishop Cunningham (68), respectively.
New York has four active auxiliaries: Bishops Iriondo (73), Lagonegro (68), Sullivan (66), and Walsh (69).
Brooklyn has two auxiliaries: Bishops Caggiano (52) and Cisneros (66).
Buffalo has one auxiliary: Bishop Grosz (66).
Rockville Centre has two auxiliaries: Bishops Dunne (74) and Walsh (74).
One of the big open questions this year is whether Archbishop Dolan will receive a red hat. I suspect that he will. If not this year, then in 2014.
Bishop Kmiec reached the normal retirement age last year. Bishop Clark will reach that age this summer. Both of their retirements and the naming of replacements is likely this year.
In addition both Bishops Dunne and Walsh will reach the normal retirement age and will likely also retire this year.
Bishops Iriondo and Hubbard will reach that age and likely retire in 2013.
Bishops Lagonegro, Sullivan, Walsh, and DiMarzio are both at an age and length of service that makes them likely to be considered for other roles.
Bishop Hubbard will celebrate 35 years as a bishop (in March) and Bishop Kmiec will celebrate 30 years (in November) this year.
Overview: III (NJ, PA) & IV (DC, DE, MD, VA, VI, WV)
Region III (NJ, PA)
This province is composed of the metropolitan, Newark, and its four suffragan dioceses: Camden, Metuchen, Paterson, and Trenton.
The ordinaries are: Archbishop Myers (70), Bishop Galante (73), Bishop Bootkoski (71), Bishop Serratelli (67), and Bishop O'Connell (56).
Newark has four auxiliaries, Bishops Cruz (58), da Cunha (54), Donato (71), and Flesey (69).
This year, Archbishop Myers will celebrate 25 years as a bishop (in September), Bishop Galante will celebrate 20 years as a bishop (in December) and Bishop Bootkoski 15 years (in September).
Bishops da Cunha is at an age and length of service where he would likely be considered for other roles.
The next likely retirement will be Bishop Galante in mid-2013.
Philadelphia is the metropolitan with seven suffragan dioceses, namely: Allentown, Altoona-Johnstown, Erie, Greensburg, Harrisburg, Pittsburgh, and Scranton.
The ordinaries are: Archbishop Chaput (67), Bishop Barres (51), Bishop Bartchak (57), Bishop Trautman (75), Bishop Brandt (72), Bishop McFadden (64), Bishop Zubik (62), and Bishop Bambera (55), respectively.
There are four auxiliaries in Philadephia: Bishops Fitzgerald (63), McIntyre (48), Senior (51), and Thomas (52).
There is another auxiliary in Pittsburgh: Bishop Waltersheid (55).
Bishop Zubik celebrates 15 years as a bishop in April.
Bishop Trautman reached the normal retirement age last summer, and will likely retire and have his replacement named this year.
Except for those, no other changes seem likely for this province in the next couple of years.
Region IV (DC, DE, MD, VA, VI, WV)
Baltimore is the metropolitan of this province with the suffragans of Arlington (VA), Richmond (VA), Wheeling-Charleston (WV), and Wilmington (DE).
The ordinaries of the suffragans: Bishop Loverde (71), Bishop DiLorenzo (69), Bishop Bransfield (68), and Bishop Malooly (67), respectively.
The province has two auxiliary bishops, both for Baltimore: Bishops Madden (71) and Rozanski (53).
The archdiocese is vacant and will likely receive its new archbishop this year.
Bishops Rozanski and Bransfield are at an age and length of service that makes them likely to be considered for other roles.
No other changes appear likely in this province in the coming year.
The metropolitan is Washington and it has one suffragan diocese: St Thomas.
The ordinaries are, respectively: Cardinal Wuerl (71) and Bishop Bevard (65).
Washington has three active auxiliaries: Bishops González Valer (72), Holley (57) and Knestout (49).
No changes seem likely this year.
The military ordinariate for the USA is led by Archbishop Broglio (60) with four auxiliaries: Bishops Buckon (58), Estabrook (67), Higgins (67), and Spencer (60).
Both Bishops Estabrook and Higgins are at an age and length of service that makes them likely to be considered for other roles.
Overview: V (AL, KY, LA, MS, TN) & VI (OH, MI)
Region V (AL, KY, LA, MS, TN)
This province is composed of Louisville (KY), the metropolitan, and six suffragan dioceses: Covington (KY), Knoxville (TN), Lexington (KY), Memphis (TN), Nashville (TN), and Owensboro (KY).
The ordinaries are, respectively: Archbishop Kurtz (65), Bishop Foys (66), Bishop Stika (54), Bishop Gainer (64), Bishop Steib (71), Bishop Choby (64), and Bishop Medley (59).
Bishop Foys will celebrate 10 years as a bishop in July. Bishop Gainer will mark the same in January 2013.
Bishops Foys, Gainer, and perhaps Choby are at an age and length of service that makes it likely for them to be considered for other roles.
No other changes seem likely in the next few years.
Mobile is the metropolitan along with 3 suffragan dioceses, namely: Biloxi (MS), Birmingham (AL), and Jackson (MI).
The ordinaries are, respectively: Archbishop Rodi (62), Bishop Morin (70), Bishop Baker (67), and Bishop Latino (74).
Bishop Latino reaches the normal retirement age in October and will celebrate 10 years as a bishop in March 2013.
New Orleans is the metropolitan with six suffragan dioceses, namely: Alexandria, Baton Rouge, Houma-Thibodaux, Lafayette, Lake Charles, and Shreveport.
The ordinaries are, respectively: Archbishop Aymond (62), Bishop Herzog (69), Bishop Muench (69), Bishop Jacobs (73), Bishop Jarrell (71), Bishop Provost (62), and Bishop Duca (59).
There is one auxiliary in New Orleans: Bishop Fabre (48).
Bishops Herzog and Muench are at an age and length of service where they might be considered for other roles.
The next likely change will be the retirement of Bishop Jacobs after he reaches the normal retirement age in March 2013.
Region VI (OH, MI)
Cincinnati is the metropolitan of the province with 5 suffragan dioceses: Cleveland, Columbus, Steubenville, Toledo, and Youngstown.
The ordinaries are, respectively: Archbishop Schnurr (63), Bishop Lennon (64), Bishop Campbell (68), Vacant, Bishop Blair (62), and Bishop Murry (63).
Cincinnati and Cleveland each have an auxiliary: Bishops Binzer (56) and Gries (74).
The diocese of Steubenville will likely receive its new bishop this year.
Bishop Gries reaches the normal retirement age in March of this year.
Both Bishops Campbell and Blair are at an age and length of service that makes them likely to be considered for other roles.
The province has Detroit as the metropolitan and six suffragan dioceses, namely: Gaylord, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, Lansing, Marquette, and Saginaw.
The ordinaries are: Archbishop Vigneron (63), Bishop Hebda (52), Bishop Hurley (74), Bishop Bradley (66), Bishop Boyea (60), Bishop Sample (51), and Bishop Cistone (62), respectively.
Detroit has three auxiliaries: Bishops Byrnes (53), Cepeda Escobedo (42), Hanchon (64) and Reiss (71).
Bishop Boyea will celebrate 10 years as a bishop in September.
Bishop Hurley reaches the normal retirement age in May and he is likely to retire and have his replacement named this year.
Bishop Sample is nearing an age and length of service that makes it more likely that he might be considered for other roles.
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